Experimental production of stone tools

Category: Thoughts (Page 1 of 3)

Concavity, convexity and symmetry

As you can see, I have been doing a fair bit of glass knapping this week.

We were away in Lincolnshire and after a number of charity shop and car boot visits I came away with four of these large based vases. It was very interesting having four goes all with the same starting point. All attempts were successful, handaxe wise, but I also learnt something useful.

The first stage is removing the walls of the vase. As you can see above, the bottom left corner fortuitously provided a way in. I have talked elsewhere about ‘step fracture islands’, when one face works well, and the other doesn’t. I have realised this is something to do with where and how I get a way in. With thick pieces of glass such as this the way in makes one side easier to work than the other. I have observed this but never addressed it.

What you can see in the above image is all the edges ‘turned’ but a large concave section on the upper surface, and a convex section on the lower surface. The turned edge allows a way in but the concave section is much harder to reduce or to remove long flakes from. I had this same problem with each of the first three vases I worked. On this fourth one I tried a different method.

Kim Akerman discussed here how Australian Aboriginals managed this same issue with the concave and convex surfaces of bottle glass. They essentially work the most difficult concave face first until the surface is flattened. Only then do they move onto the easier convex surface.

That’s exactly the approach I adopted here, and it worked really well. I normally chase the opportunities the turned edge presents, but as discussed above, I end up with one ‘step fracture island’ face. The step fracture island phenomena is related to the fact that one side is more difficult to work than the other. By prioritising the more difficult side I eliminated that problem.

Symmetry wise I’ve ended up with a wonky ovate handaxe in plan, but what is less visible from the image is the how both faces have been worked similarly and there is no ‘better’ or ‘worse’ face. I may have to get rid of the wonkiness because of my preoccupation with symmetry, but this handaxe represents for me a valuable development in my methodological approach.

This development occurred because I had four similar vases and worked on them over four consecutive days. Approaching the same problem repeatedly allowed this learning experience to emerge, unplanned. I really like this kind of repetitive practice and unplanned emergent learning experience, which seems alien to the more normative idea of having a goal and working systematically towards it. Food for thought!

Meanwhile…

I am off work at the moment and have been in the back yard, taking advantage of global warming, and knapping almost every day.

This was a lumpy flake of glass slag. It was either gifted by the Salford Unit before they closed, or from the disused railway line behind the playing fields at Dorstone. I can’t remember, which is a shame. I also forgot to take a ‘before’ photo. I was caught up in knapping rather than thinking of a blog post.

Anyway, in spite of the flakes very uneven thickness it knapped brilliantly. The colour is amazing and I like the bubbles. It has produced a very descent Neolithic leaf shaped arrowhead, although made from industrial glass slag using an iron nail pressure flaker.

As you can see, our windowsill is morphing into a knapping museum of sorts, an exploration of materials, methods and obsessive behaviour!

What’s going on? Part two…

I have had some time to sleep on it (not literally), and some more ideas emerged.

I think actually two competing and contradictory ideas are being played out here. As concluded in the last post: perhaps this is a piece of art; inspired by Palaeolithic crafts people; and using the making process to highlight a different attitude and set of values to modern ‘waste’ materials. Perhaps that is what I am doing, and that is what this handaxe is doing.

Idea number one: since the last post I have spoken to two of my friends who work with ceramics, Nacho Jimenez and Lee Page Hanson, and both have agreed to help me by producing some slightly narrower, slightly taller ceramic moulds. As discussed here, Holly has ideas about how the next furnace firing should unfold. There is also the invisible contribution of the people who originally made the blue glass, and then those who abandoned them in the1930s to 1950s for them to end up as a waste material, and then again in the recent past, the bottle diggers who have left the fragmented glass bottles on the surface for me to collect. Then there is my contribution to the narrative as a flint knapper. So, as an object this blue handaxe embodies a number of narratives as well as a number of skilled practices. Perhaps that is part of why I love it?

Idea number two: however, as previously discussed, I also love the recycling of the glass that goes into this, to highlight a different approach to valuing materials. It has occurred to me that this ‘eco narrative’ actually embodies a series of energy intensive processes, such as the the kiln use for the production of the moulds, and then the furnace use to melt the glass to form the block. In that respect this handaxe also has an industrial narrative, using probably non-renewable resources in order to make a statement about the value of recycling materials. In that respect this blue handaxe embodies an inherent contradiction, something I am not so enamoured by.

That’s where I am up to, and today is a day off!

What’s going on?

What is going on? I am an archaeologist, so why am I getting super excited about creating Palaeolithic tools from materials unavailable to people in the Palaeolithic past? Furthermore, this seems more to be an exploration of my own particular aesthetics, albeit with a link to crafts people in the Palaeolithic past. Perhaps they are my inspiration here? Essentially, this process is telling us nothing about Palaeolithic people, so is it a vanity project?

This particular handaxe is not perfect, but I love it. I actually love its idiosyncrasies’, the lumpy central line I couldn’t remove. It fits together perfectly for what it is, in spite of not being something else? By something else I am thinking of my last blue handaxe, classically aesthetic, with smooth, long and clean removals.

I immediately thought, well I collected the glass for this most recent handaxe, and so that must be it. However, I bought the glass disc for the earlier handaxe, from a flea market so although not the same, I was still responsible for acquiring the materials. It may be to do with the extended process, involving mould makers and furnace drivers? It may also be that I am using a waste material, originally abandoned in the 1930s to 1950s, and then again in the recent past, by the bottle diggers who have left the fragmented glass bottles on the surface for me to collect.

I don’t know. As an archaeologist I feel this object should be adding some kind of intellectual value to our understanding of the Palaeolithic past, but it doesn’t. So, is it a vanity project? If so then all art could be classed as vanity projects. Perhaps this is a piece of art rather than a piece of archaeology? I also love the recycling of materials that goes into this, to highlight a different approach to valuing materials.

So perhaps what I am saying here is; this is a piece of art; inspired by Palaeolithic crafts people; and using the making process to highlight a different attitude and set of values to modern ‘waste’ materials. Perhaps that is what I am doing, and that is what this handaxe is doing.

Well now!

Well now. Lots of thanks to Holly Flannaghan, my technician comrade in Geography who has access to a furnace, and also does her research!

This is Alice la Porta’s mould painted with the Aluminium Kiln Wash to stop the glass adhering to the mould. It did more or less work. The mould was unfired and next time we may use an already fired ceramic mould.

I had three grades of glass cullet. Sand, sub-1cm, and above 1cm. We used the sand and sub-1cm cullet on the top to fill up the mould.

Then Holly performed her magic. Over four hours the temperature was gradually raised to around 1000 degrees Centigrade, and then kept there for two hours or so before starting the slow cooling process.

And one day later here we are. The Aluminium Kiln Wash worked but we had to break up the mould to get access to the glass. Once out the glass was actually thinner than I anticipated. The sub-1cm cullet must have had a lot of gaps that it had to fill. Next time we will use the sand only and a slightly higher mould to give the slab more depth.

The glass appeared not ideal. It looked similar to the fused glass blocks produced using Nacho’s kiln. However, once I started to work it I realised that it actually had very good internal cohesion. It flaked well although crumbly.

And this is it. The outcome but also a starting point. We need to adjust the mould size and make sure it’s already fired. Use sand rather than sub-1cm cullet and perhaps keep it at 1000 degrees Centigrade for around four hours before allowing a very slow cool off period.

I am actually super happy with this handaxe. Many thanks Holly!

My step fracturey Barmson beach handaxe

This afternoon I treated myself to two of the larger slabs brought back from Barmston. The flint isn’t as good as I remembered, or the pieces worked so far aren’t. The first one worked well with the hard hammer, but it had a very hard seam in the centre that disrupted the soft hammer blows. That one ended up in the waste flint pile.

The above two photos are of the second flat tablet, and it worked a lot better than the first. I was able to get a good rough out without any major endshock, all good.

And on this side that has worked. The flint fractured approximately according to plan, the edge is sharp and I am happy with the shape.

Flip it over and that’s when you spot the step fractures. That they are all on one side is, I think, something to do with how I work each surface differently, but I am not sure actually how I work it differently.

I think it may be to do with the initial turning of the edge, and by doing so I get a way in, but inevitably the angle is better on one side than the other.

Consequently I get to do all the nice stuff on the good angle side, and then have lots of step fracture action on the other when trying to bring the second face into line but without the suitable angles. That’s my current theory anyway, and fortunately I have quite a few blocks left to play with, and find out if I am right. Watch this space…

New Years Eve in the backyard…

From charity shop to copper pressure flaker in around thirty minutes.

I used a hard hammer to get rid of the walls and isolate the thick base.

Then used the same hard hammer to ‘turn the edges’ of the thick base and create a ‘way in’ for thinning and shaping with the soft antler hammer.

Thinned and shaped with the soft antler hammer then finished with a copper pressure flaker. Here’s to a peaceful 2026 folks X

My latest dual heritage handaxe

I realised a good while ago that I am interested in categories and boundaries. This is because of my own experience, being ‘half-caste’ in the 60s, 70s and 80s, ‘mixed race’ in the 90s and by the early 2000s I had become ‘dual heritage’. These are all what are termed ‘etic’ or outside categories, how society has characterised me. An ’emic” or internal category would be how I characterise myself, and that would be as ‘Mancunian’. More than just abstract concepts, these labels have implications for the differing ways I have understood myself and been treated in the real world, hence my interest.

Onto handaxes. I am really liking this most recent offering. It is made from the largest piece of slag glass kindly provided by the folks at Salford Archaeology. I have left the base as is, referencing where it has come from, and in relation to the worked section, I like the thinned serrated edge on both sides. It would make a great cutting tool, and I am super pleased with this one.

So form and potential function if you like, mirror a Palaeolithic handaxe. However, the material it is made from, a slag glass block excavated from a factory in Manchester, anchors it very much in the modern industrial period. It has two, temporally contradictory etic heritages, or narratives captured within one beautiful object.

So what about its emic identity? I don’t think the handaxe itself can tell us, but through my visual and haptic engagement with it I would say it is pretty special. It works for me on every level, and it feels like I have expressed something of myself within the production of this object. It was satisfying to make and I am happy that I have this ability to create things of beauty such as this. And I think that its dual heritage adds to its aesthetic and doubles its narrative value. Happy days!

Reciprocity: the gift that keeps on giving

I have what is probably a good habit of giving away most of the stuff I make. In doing so I have received a range of responses from recipients over the years, from super excited, to super confused. However, it feels at the moment like the boot is on the other foot. This is because over the past two weeks I have been graced with some amazing lithics related gifts and now it is me who is super excited! First up from my lithics friend, Alice la Porta.

Alice has a new job in Spain, and she had a lot of lithics materials from her post-Doctoral research in Manchester that she didn’t want to take with her, and so she donated them to the Department! Above are some unused heavy antler hammers from a range of deer and countries.

Alice’s post-Doctoral research was looking at the evolution of the human hand in relation to the development of early stone tool technology. To reduce the experimental variability in the handaxe making process she commissioned around 30 porcelain blocks of the same form, so that whoever made the handaxe would be dealing with the same problems. I have inherited around 20 of these!

For the same reasons she had around 50 smaller ‘cores’ produced to standardise bladelet production. We have inherited around 40 of these and this seems an ideal opportunity to organises a microlith making workshop with my Mesolithic friend, Stephen Poole.

Next up, Jeremy, Ian and Lesley from Salford Archaeology. For various unfortunate reasons, Salford Archaeology has recently closed, and being based in Greater Manchester they had a specialism in Industrial Archaeology. Chatting to Jeremy about sites, I realised they had a lot of glass slag from excavations in Manchester. Fast forward to last week, Jeremy left a large box of glass slag in Ian’s office at the University of Salford and it was passed on to me by Ian’s colleague Lesley . And guess what, it knaps!

Last but not least, a ton of medium sized flint nodules arrived this morning courtesy of Needham Flints from their quarry in Norfolk. This was an end of budget year bonus, and thanks to Osen and Clare for facilitating the purchase and delivery, and Graham, John and Paul from Estates and Facilities and Environmental Services respectively for receiving and storing the pallet in their yard for us.

I think what this series of fortunate (for me and the department) episodes illustrates is the social role of artefacts and materials within the stone tool making process. I now have a series of large Red and Sika Deer antler hammers from around Europe. The porcelain blocks were custom made in Southampton for Alice. The glass was buried in Manchester until the last decade or so, and as discussed, the flint nodules were quarried in Norfolk. My social links have allowed me to access materials from around Britain and Europe, whilst having no direct connection myself.

Through this process I have initiated new connections at both the Universities of Salford and Manchester, and strengthened relationships with established colleagues and friends at Manchester. Alice received my blue glass handaxe as a small expression of thanks. Jeremy, Ian and Lesley each got a glass arrowhead, I think Osen, Clare, John, Graham and Paul each warrant a nice flint handaxe. These feel less like obligations, and more like commissions, which means I will be making nice examples, that I feel acknowledge the value of what they have kindly done for me and the department. I suppose this is where aesthetics comes in, less a functional butchery tool, more a demonstration of skill to produce an object of perceived value, that forms a positive connection between the giver and the recipient.

Writing this, I realise a real blurring between myself and the department. Absolutely none of this would have happened without me recognising and developing these opportunities. At the same time, being part of an archaeology department has provided me with the platform and infrastructure to have these connections in the first instance. I suppose it is an interplay between myself, my work role, and the connections I encounter and develop within that context, and the currency I use to facilitate and nurture these connections is, as you have probably recognised…stone tools.

One down, four more to go!

I’ve made something I like. Again!

We have just come back from a week in Athens, and the main thing I brought home was a large disc of blue glass, bought at the flea market for five Euros.

Anyway, I found time to hide in the lab for an hour or so and came away with this very nice blue ovate handaxe.

Everything worked well. Turning the edges with a hard hammer, and then thinning using an antler hammer. This is the second iteration, initially it was larger but wonky.

I brought the wonky version home, lived with it for 24 hours and then the following day finished it off so that it is a shape I can live with. I am currently thinking about the difference in experience between my work with emails, spreadsheets and budgets, and escaping into the lab and the satisfaction of making something beautiful. I suspect it is something to do with what that famous stone tool specialist, Karl Marx, termed ‘Alienation’. To be continued!

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